Base conversion, range summation, counting/summing multiples, and log base.
Non-negative arbitrary-precision integer with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulo.
Maximum bipartite matching via augmenting paths in O(V*E).
Binary exponentiation on square matrices for solving linear recurrences in O(n^3 log k).
LCA with path aggregate queries (sum/max/min) on weighted trees using binary lifting in O(log n).
Shortest path with negative edge weights and negative cycle detection in O(V*E).
Shortest path in non-negative weighted graphs using priority queue relaxation in O((V+E) log V).
Nested segment tree for 2D point update and rectangle queries in O(log n * log m).
Segment tree preserving all versions via path copying — O(log n) per update, O(n + q log n) total memory.
Dynamic forest structure supporting link, cut, and path queries in O(log n) amortized.
Decomposes a tree into chains for O(log^2 n) path queries using a segment tree.
2D Binary Indexed Tree for point updates and rectangle sum queries in O(log n * log m).
Disjoint Set Union with path compression and union by size in near-constant amortized time.
Modular multiplicative inverse via Fermat's little theorem, extended Euclidean, and linear precomputation.
Knuth-Morris-Pratt pattern matching and prefix function in O(n + m).
All-pairs shortest paths via O(V^3) dynamic programming on the adjacency matrix.